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Desalination timeline
Key dates defining innovations and breakthroughs within the field of Water Desalination.
| 320 BC | Greek philospher Aristotle writes of seawater distillation |
| 70 AD | Rome’s Pliny the Elder describes seawater distillation with condensation on fleece |
| 200 AD | Greece’s Alexander of Aphrodisias describes seawater distillation with condensation on sponges |
| 975 AD | Persia’s Muwaffaq and al-Harawi write that desalination is a suitable method of seawater conversion |
| 1565 | French explorer Jean De Lery reports seawater was successfully distilled during voyage to Brazil |
| 1616 | Spain’s Pedro Fernandez de Quiros discovers Australia and makes successful use of a small copper still |
| 1675 | Walcot files seawater distillation patent in England |
| 1683 | Fitzgerald files conflicting seawater distillation patents leading to protracted patent dispute with Walcot |
| 1739 | Hales recommends limiting recovery in simple stills to 33% to improve quality and suggests aeration to improve taste |
| 1748 | French physicist J.A Nollet describes “osmosis” as the liquid phase separation process using a membrane |
| 1753 | Watson and Appleby report on pretreating seawater with bone phosphate and quicklime |
| 1756 | Lucas publishes article skeptical of many distillation designs and especially critical of recommended additives |
| 1759 | Chapman reports on successful use of emergency seawater still on North Sea voyage |
| 1761 | Lind experiments with parabolic mirrors for solar distillation |
| 1772 | James Cook begins successful use of seawater still while circumnavigating the world |
| 1790 | Thomas Jefferson publishes Report on the Method for Obtaining Fresh Water from Salt |
| 1793 | Spain’s Phillip II assembles a crude still producing 40 barrels/day of fresh water while fighting the Turks in Tunisia |
| 1828 | Péclet hints at but does not build successful multi-effect evaporator |
| 1843 | Rillieux patents builds sells successful multi-effect evaporators |
| 1851 | France’s Alphonse Normandy patents first of series of vertical tube single stage seawater stills in UK |
| 1862 | Normandy stills installed at US sites in Key West Florida and Fort Pulaski Georgia and in Dry Tortugas |
| 1879 | Picard and Weibel describe then patent first mechanical vapor recompression system |
| 1881 | Seawater distiller installed on Malta |
| 1885 | Wilson designs installs 19 m³/day solar distiller in Las Salinas Chile |
| 1886 | Yaryan introduces rising film vertical tube evaporators |
| 1888 | Lillie introduces spray-film horizontal tube evaporator with provision for removing non-condensable gases |
| 1895 | Mirlees-Watson installs two six-effect seawater distillers in Sudan |
| 1899 | Kestner patents first of a series of rising and falling-film long tube vertical evaporators |
| 1900 | Addison Waterhouse’s US patent anticipates multistage flash distillation process |
| 1907 | Two small land-based seawater plants known as “The Kindasa” (the condenser) installed in Jeddah Saudi Arabia |
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